What is the inspiration of German Agriculture 4.0 for China's agricultural development?

Germany, located in the center of Europe, ranks first in economic strength in Europe and has a great influence on the economic and political development of Europe. In 2015, Germany proposed Agriculture 4.0 on the basis of Industry 4.0. Under the strong support and guidance of policies and funds, agriculture and rural areas have developed synchronously in the process of industrialization and urbanization. Agricultural production level has been greatly improved, scientific and technological content has been increasing, and the ecological environment has become more and more beautiful. Modern production technology, information technology, management experience in promoting the development of German agriculture, but also to the world's agriculture provides valuable reference experience.

Although China's agricultural production has realized mechanization and production efficiency has been improved to a certain extent, the agricultural development mode is still extensive, the industrial structure is unbalanced, the production and marketing order is not standardized, agricultural economic efficiency and production efficiency are low, the efficient allocation of resources and the protection of the ecological environment have not received enough attention, and the development of agricultural modernization is faced with many challenges. From the current situation of agricultural development, agriculture 4.0 is the main direction and breakthrough of the transformation of agricultural development mode. Therefore, learning from the successful experience of Germany's Agriculture 4.0 and using big data and Internet of Things technology to solve problems such as low production efficiency, unreasonable resource allocation and backward development mode are of great practical significance to promote China's agricultural industrialization, modernization and information development, and help rural revitalization. At present, a large number of literatures on German agricultural policies and regulations, ecological compensation, and characteristic industries have been summarized and analyzed. However, there are few studies on Germany's agricultural resource endowment, the development characteristics of agriculture 4.0 and the experience of China's agricultural transformation and upgrading.

Germany is endowed with agricultural resources

1. Agricultural land is relatively insufficient

Germany's forest area accounts for 29.5% of the country's total area, housing and transportation land accounts for 12.3% of the country's total area, water area accounts for 1.8% of the country's total area, agricultural land and agricultural reserve land is limited. In 2015, Germany's agricultural land resources were about 16.73 million hm2, accounting for 53.5% of the total area of the country, arable land was only 11.85 million hm2, and permanent crop land was only 200,000 hm2, which is a country in shortage of agricultural land in Europe. At the same time, Germany is low in the north and high in the south, the north is mostly residential areas, and the agricultural land is mostly located in the southern mountains and plateaus, and the available land resources for agricultural redevelopment are limited.

2. Climate suitable for agricultural development

Germany is located in central Europe at latitude 47° ~ 55° N and longitude 5° ~ 15° E, bordering the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The northern plains of Germany are dominated by temperate maritime climate, while the farming areas of southern and western Germany are dominated by continental transitional climate. The summer sunshine time is short, the climate is relatively dry, affected by the ocean, the winter is wet and rainy, the average temperature in summer (July) is 18 ~ 20℃, and the average temperature in winter (January) is 5 ~ 6℃. In general, the climate of the main agricultural areas in Germany is more suitable, and there is precipitation all year round, which is suitable for agricultural development.

3. Abundant water resources

There are many rivers and lakes in Germany, criss-crossing, the main rivers are Danube, Rhine, Elbe and so on, the main lakes are Boden Lake, Chim Lake, Amor Lake and so on. At the same time, the rainfall in Germany is relatively rich, the annual average is 500 ~ 800 mL, and the rainfall in the southern mountain and plateau areas can reach an average annual average of more than 1000 mL. Abundant water resources provide excellent conditions for the development of German farming and fishing.

4, the relative shortage of labor force

In 2017, Germany's agricultural population was only 617,000, accounting for about 2% of the total labor force, with an average of 124 people per labor force. Moreover, the aging of the German labor force is more serious, the elderly over 60 years old account for about 29% of the total population, and the fertility rate is only 1.5%, at present, the aging problem in Germany has brought about a relative shortage of agricultural labor force.

Overview of German agriculture 4.0 development

The infrastructure required for agricultural development in Germany is relatively developed, the climate is suitable and the water resources are abundant, but the land resources and agricultural labor resources are relatively insufficient. Under such conditions, Germany proposed Agriculture 4.0 according to the current situation of agricultural resources, and made use of modern information technologies such as the Internet, the Internet of Things and big data. To achieve a higher level of intensification and synergy of the whole industrial chain such as agricultural production, processing, marketing services and industrial expansion, fundamentally solve the constraints of German agricultural resources, and ultimately realize the intelligent, precise and high standardization of agricultural industry, professionalization and prosperity of farmers, rural ecology and urbanization.

1. Intelligent and precise production

German Agriculture 4.0 realizes the intelligence and precision of agriculture. In terms of basic information and data acquisition, it has advanced remote sensing technology, geographic information system and applied satellite system, which are used to complete data collection, storage, analysis and processing of land area and natural environment, management and planning of land resources, and crop yield measurement. To provide reliable technical assurance and data support for the formulation of agricultion-related subsidy policies, land use planning and precision agriculture [. In terms of farmland production management, large-scale agricultural machinery is controlled by indoor computer automatic control system, so that it can accurately complete many functions such as sowing, fertilization, weeding, harvesting, precise feeding of livestock and poultry, digital milking of cows and so on. In addition, the government has also established a complete agricultural information database and environmental monitoring database to provide theoretical support for intelligent and standardized agricultural production. Users log in through computers to obtain various agricultural production-related information and consulting services, and establish various auxiliary decision-making models. Germany's Agriculture 4.0 not only reduces a lot of labor, but also realizes the precision of agricultural production and effectively improves agricultural productivity through real-time data collection and analysis and real-time monitoring and prevention and control of the whole industrial chain.

2. Synergy of the whole agricultural industry chain

The German government has promoted all aspects of the production, processing and circulation of agricultural products as a whole, so that all links of the entire agricultural industry chain are connected smoothly, forming a systematic, complete and highly coordinated industrial system, and the value-added effect of upstream and downstream industries is obvious. In addition, after long-term development, adjustment and integration, German agriculture has formed a variety of rural cooperative organizations with excellent service and high coordination, and a series of measures such as information service platform, sound laws and regulations, strict supervision and auditing system, and the legalization of "private public assistance". To ensure the mutual connection of cooperative organizations and data collection, collation, analysis and release, to a certain extent, break the boundaries between farmers, workers, businesses and governments, accelerate the speed of information transmission, reduce the turnover link, and greatly improve the commodity rate and labor productivity.

3. Farmers are generally professionalized and prosperous.

In the era of German Agriculture 4.0, farmers not only have to go through systematic education or strict vocational training and further education, but also have to pass the examination to be qualified to engage in agriculture. The German government attaches great importance to the training of farmers and the improvement of their quality, builds a practical, efficient and world-advanced agricultural education training and technology extension system, and promotes the implementation of training through education legislation. In terms of agricultural information technology training, there are various kinds of training, and it has penetrated into all aspects of agricultural production and management, including enterprise management, financial accounting, subsidy declaration, etc. Through education and training, German farmers have realized specialization and professionalism, and are all-rounders of agricultural enterprise management. Under the management of professional farmers, German agricultural production has obvious features of multi-function. In addition to providing grain and food, grain farmers also use conditions to develop bio-energy, renewable raw materials and other industries. Farmers have a wide source of economic income, income is greatly guaranteed, and prosperity is realized. According to the statistics of the German Federal Statistics Office, the annual income of German farmers can reach 240,000 yuan.

4. Rural ecology and urbanization

The German government attaches great importance to the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas, and vigorously develops environmentally friendly agriculture. The whole process of German agricultural production adheres to green, circular and ecological measures, such as the adoption of crop rotation and intercropping, non-resistant breeding, limiting the number of livestock and poultry breeding per unit area, and so on, to achieve a harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and man, and man and society. In rural areas, the Land Consolidation Law shall be strictly implemented, top-level design and planning shall be emphasized, special EU funds shall be set up, cross-enterprise integration measures and strict agricultural environmental protection policies shall be formulated, and farmers' lives and ecological environment shall be improved. Germany has a very complete agricultural ecological compensation system, almost involving all aspects of agricultural intelligent production, from organic fertilizer, organic agriculture pest control, to the processing and transportation of ecological agricultural products, all reflect the characteristics of intelligence. German Agriculture 4.0 has shaped many rural landscapes full of cultural atmosphere and become pleasant places for living and leisure tourism.

The enlightenment of German Agriculture 4.0 to the development of Chinese agriculture

1. Increase the comprehensive construction of intelligent agriculture

China's agriculture has entered the era of "high cost", and the agricultural labor productivity, agricultural production efficiency and basic competitiveness are far less than that of developed countries, and the intelligent level of agriculture and the shortcomings of agricultural scientific and technological innovation are one of the root causes. Drawing on the experience of Germany's agriculture 4.0 development, the Chinese government should continue to increase investment in agricultural science and technology innovation, focus on supporting major research and application of achievements in agricultural technology, intelligent equipment and information technology, support the construction of major infrastructure such as agricultural information statistics, database construction and information service capabilities, and take agricultural intelligence as a key direction supported by the national guidance fund. And attract a large number of social capital, vigorously support agricultural enterprises to take the lead in intelligent transformation of agricultural production. At the same time, strengthen the construction of cold chain logistics infrastructure, improve the circulation rate of agricultural products, reduce the rate of product corruption, and form a complete traceability mechanism. Finally, big data, Internet of Things and other technologies will connect the three fields of agricultural production, circulation and consumption, and completely upgrade the traditional agricultural industry chain from finance, production, circulation, service and other links. Farmers can make pre-production planning, fine management in production and efficient post-production circulation in advance by grasping market information, and realize the essential improvement of agricultural production efficiency.

2, pay attention to agricultural technology promotion and training

The input of science and technology, the standardized and personalized product demand model, and the intelligent agricultural production have put forward higher requirements for the quality of agricultural practitioners. The quality of Chinese farmers is generally low, the vocational training lacks guarantee, and the training content is relatively simple. In order to reverse the inferior position of agricultural vocational education, it is necessary to make top-level planning, increase financial support, fully mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of agricultural departments, farmers' professional cooperatives, agricultion-related enterprises and agricultural social organizations, and provide strong backup support for the training of new professional farmers. At the same time, the government should take publicity, guidance, subsidies, incentives and other measures to improve farmers' mobile phone ownership and intelligence, change the past "top-down" agricultural technology promotion system, build a "trinity" agricultural technology diffusion platform for government, enterprises, and farmers, and arm new professional farmers with modernization, information, and intelligence.

3. Accelerate brand cultivation to achieve value-added and income increase of farmers

Cultivating agricultural products brands can promote the optimization of agricultural industrial structure, ensure the quality level of agricultural products, improve market competitiveness, achieve agricultural efficiency and increase farmers' income. Therefore, it is possible to increase policy support, optimize the integrated investment of financial agriculture-related funds, and use Internet of Things technology to carry out accurate management of agricultural production, visualization of production processes, and traceability of quality and safety to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products. Encourage and support new types of agricultural business entities, develop production, processing, sales and brand-related supporting services for characteristic agricultural products, and build a complete economic chain of agricultural products brands. With leading enterprises as the leading enterprises and brands as the carrier, the scattered families will be united into a community of interests to achieve the docking of small production and large markets. At the same time, through the formulation of strict food regulations and testing standards, do a good job in the quality classification of agricultural products, product identification, enterprise quality marks, etc., to provide guarantee for the cultivation of agricultural products brand, so as to achieve agricultural value-added and increase farmers' income.

4. Develop ecological agriculture and promote agricultural structural adjustment

China has a large population base, relatively insufficient agricultural resources, and increasing pressure on the ecological environment. Ecological agriculture is an important strategy for the future development of China's agriculture. In the future, the publicity and training of ecological agriculture should be strengthened, and the development of ecological agriculture should be taken as a clear concept by government officials, agricultural producers, and agricultural science and technology workers. We will increase ecological compensation, improve standards for the application of pesticides and agricultural fertilizers, establish a sound guidance system, and do a good job in quality identification and standardization. Improve the legislative system of ecological agriculture, set up a special ecological agriculture law enforcement agency, and strengthen the system of regulation, supervision and management. Strengthen infrastructure construction in rural infrastructure, social services, cultural environment and other aspects, ensure the integrated and coordinated development of rural and urban areas, and ultimately achieve the purpose of saving resources, protecting the environment, and harmonious coexistence between man and nature and society.